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Prioritisation of Crude Oil Contaminated Sites to Inform Risk Decision Making Using Soil Quality Index

Received: 30 July 2019     Accepted: 19 August 2019     Published: 17 September 2019
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Abstract

Crude oil contaminated sites delineation by soil quality index (SQI) is presented. This study used SQI proposed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) to delineate three genuinely petroleum-contaminated sites in the Niger Delta, Nigeria to prioritise sites to inform risk decision making and/or remediation. In assessing the potential impact on human health risks at the contaminated sites, soil screening levels (SL) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) reference concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) fractions with higher exposure potential (nC10-nC16, nC16-nC35, nC35-nC40), and risk indicator compound (benzo[a]pyrene) were used in calculating the SQI scores. The sites were assessed by scoring them on a scale spanning from 0 to 100, where 0 indicates a very high level of human health risks and 100 indicates no action is required. The following results were obtained: (a) Site 1, SQI=36.9. This indicates high priority for remediation; (b) Site 2, SQI=49.1, which implies there is high priority for remediation and (c) Site 3 (SQI=45), which means site 3 requires high priority for remedial action. Thus, SQI method can be used to prioritse crude oil contaminated sites to enhance risk classification and decision-making and provide further insight to the contaminated land sector.

Published in Engineering and Applied Sciences (Volume 4, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.eas.20190404.12
Page(s) 79-83
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Soil Quality Index, Human Health, Risk Prioritization, Remediation

References
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[5] Zabbey, N., and Uyi, H. (2014). Community responsesof intertidal soft-bottom macrozoobenthos to oil pollution in a tropical mangrove ecosystem, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 82: 167-174.
[6] Brewer, R., Nagashima, J., Kelly, M., Heskett, M., and Rigby, M. (2013). Risk-based evaluation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in vapour intrusion studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 10 (6), 2441-2467.
[7] Rebelo, A., Ferra, I., Goncalves, I., and Marques, A. M. (2014). Risk assessment model for water resources: Releases of dangerous and hazardous substances. J. Environ. Manage., 140, 51-59.
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[9] ISO (2012). Soil Quality-Assessment of impact from soil contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons. ISO 11504:2012. International Organization for Standardisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
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[15] Finnish Ministry of the Environment (2007). Government Decree on the assessment of soil contamination and Remediation Needs, 214/2007. Finnish Ministry of the Environment, Helsinki, Finland.
[16] CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) (2007). CCME soil quality index 1.10: technical report. In: Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for the protection of the Environment and Human Health. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg.
[17] Vasu, D., Singh, S. K., Ray, S. K., Duraisami, V. P., Tiwary, P., Chandra, P., Nimkar, A. M., and Anantwar, S. G. (2016). Soil quality index as a tool to evaluate crop productivity in semi-arid Deccan plateau, India. Geoderma 282, 70-79.
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  • APA Style

    Douglas Reward Kokah, Reuben Nwomandah Okparanma, Samuel l Tari Raphae. (2019). Prioritisation of Crude Oil Contaminated Sites to Inform Risk Decision Making Using Soil Quality Index. Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4(4), 79-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eas.20190404.12

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    ACS Style

    Douglas Reward Kokah; Reuben Nwomandah Okparanma; Samuel l Tari Raphae. Prioritisation of Crude Oil Contaminated Sites to Inform Risk Decision Making Using Soil Quality Index. Eng. Appl. Sci. 2019, 4(4), 79-83. doi: 10.11648/j.eas.20190404.12

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    AMA Style

    Douglas Reward Kokah, Reuben Nwomandah Okparanma, Samuel l Tari Raphae. Prioritisation of Crude Oil Contaminated Sites to Inform Risk Decision Making Using Soil Quality Index. Eng Appl Sci. 2019;4(4):79-83. doi: 10.11648/j.eas.20190404.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.eas.20190404.12,
      author = {Douglas Reward Kokah and Reuben Nwomandah Okparanma and Samuel l Tari Raphae},
      title = {Prioritisation of Crude Oil Contaminated Sites to Inform Risk Decision Making Using Soil Quality Index},
      journal = {Engineering and Applied Sciences},
      volume = {4},
      number = {4},
      pages = {79-83},
      doi = {10.11648/j.eas.20190404.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eas.20190404.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.eas.20190404.12},
      abstract = {Crude oil contaminated sites delineation by soil quality index (SQI) is presented. This study used SQI proposed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) to delineate three genuinely petroleum-contaminated sites in the Niger Delta, Nigeria to prioritise sites to inform risk decision making and/or remediation. In assessing the potential impact on human health risks at the contaminated sites, soil screening levels (SL) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) reference concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) fractions with higher exposure potential (nC10-nC16, nC16-nC35, nC35-nC40), and risk indicator compound (benzo[a]pyrene) were used in calculating the SQI scores. The sites were assessed by scoring them on a scale spanning from 0 to 100, where 0 indicates a very high level of human health risks and 100 indicates no action is required. The following results were obtained: (a) Site 1, SQI=36.9. This indicates high priority for remediation; (b) Site 2, SQI=49.1, which implies there is high priority for remediation and (c) Site 3 (SQI=45), which means site 3 requires high priority for remedial action. Thus, SQI method can be used to prioritse crude oil contaminated sites to enhance risk classification and decision-making and provide further insight to the contaminated land sector.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Prioritisation of Crude Oil Contaminated Sites to Inform Risk Decision Making Using Soil Quality Index
    AU  - Douglas Reward Kokah
    AU  - Reuben Nwomandah Okparanma
    AU  - Samuel l Tari Raphae
    Y1  - 2019/09/17
    PY  - 2019
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eas.20190404.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.eas.20190404.12
    T2  - Engineering and Applied Sciences
    JF  - Engineering and Applied Sciences
    JO  - Engineering and Applied Sciences
    SP  - 79
    EP  - 83
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-1468
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eas.20190404.12
    AB  - Crude oil contaminated sites delineation by soil quality index (SQI) is presented. This study used SQI proposed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) to delineate three genuinely petroleum-contaminated sites in the Niger Delta, Nigeria to prioritise sites to inform risk decision making and/or remediation. In assessing the potential impact on human health risks at the contaminated sites, soil screening levels (SL) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) reference concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) fractions with higher exposure potential (nC10-nC16, nC16-nC35, nC35-nC40), and risk indicator compound (benzo[a]pyrene) were used in calculating the SQI scores. The sites were assessed by scoring them on a scale spanning from 0 to 100, where 0 indicates a very high level of human health risks and 100 indicates no action is required. The following results were obtained: (a) Site 1, SQI=36.9. This indicates high priority for remediation; (b) Site 2, SQI=49.1, which implies there is high priority for remediation and (c) Site 3 (SQI=45), which means site 3 requires high priority for remedial action. Thus, SQI method can be used to prioritse crude oil contaminated sites to enhance risk classification and decision-making and provide further insight to the contaminated land sector.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK

  • Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemical Engineering, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria

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